Respuestas
Background
During the eighteenth century, the Spanish Crown caused the discontent of many Peruvians by discriminating against the Creoles in public jobs and hardening the exploitation of the indigenous people. In 1780, Túpac Amaru II led a great rebellion that was repressed by blood and fire.
The invasion of Napoleon to Spain (1808) weakened the Spanish Crown, which was used by the Creoles of Latin America to organize conspiracies and independence revolts. In Peru these movements were defeated by the Viceroy Abascal between 1811 and 1815.
Campaign of José de San Martín
The Argentines had achieved independence in 1810 and since then they sent troops against the Viceroyalty of Peru to ensure their freedom. In 1817, they sent an army under the command of General José de San Martín who made Chile independent in 1818. Later, San Martín prepared his expedition to Peru. In September 1820, he landed in Paracas and settled in Pisco. Shortly after, he moved to Huaura.
At the beginning of 1821, several cities of northern Peru adhered to the patriots. Meanwhile General José de La Serna gave a coup against the Viceroy Pezuela (29-1-1821). La Serna negotiated the withdrawal of San Martin at the Punchauca Conference (2-6-1821), without achieving its purpose. San Martin then surrounded Lima, causing La Serna and his troops to flee towards Cusco. San Martin entered Lima and proclaimed the Independence of Peru on July 28, 1821.
Don José de San Martin ruled Peru with the title of Protector until September 1822, but he failed to defeat the royalist army of the southern sierra. When retiring, the Peruvian Congress appointed a Governing Board, whose troops were defeated by the viceroy La Serna. In February 1823, Don José de la Riva Agüero assumed the presidency, and in June 1823, he was replaced by Don Bernardo de Tagle. None could complete the Independence.