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Rene Descartes
French Philosopher, Scientist and Mathematician
He was born on 31 March 1596 in La Haye-en-Touraine (now La Haye-Descartes), (France) into a family of officials.
Son of a counselor of the Parlement of Brittany. His mother died a month after his birth, from which he inherited a fortune that allowed him to live with economic independence.
At the age of eight he entered the Jesuit school of La Flèche in Anjou, where he remained until the age of sixteen.
Next to the typical classic studies Descartes studied mathematics and scholasticism with the purpose of orienting the human reason to understand the Christian doctrine. He was influenced by Catholicism.
At the end of his studies at the school, he enrolled in law at the University of Poitiers, obtaining a degree in 1616. However, he never practiced legal profession; In 1618 entered the service of the prince Mauritius I of Nassau-Orange with the intention to follow the military career.
Descartes served in other armies but his interest always focused on the problems of mathematics and philosophy, to which he dedicated the rest of his life.
He moved to Italy, where he remained from 1623 to 1624 and marched to France, where he would reside between 1624 and 1628. In this period he devoted himself fully to philosophy and to conducting optical experiments.
In 1628, after selling his estates in France, he left for Holland, where he lived in different cities, Amsterdam, Deventer, Utrecht and Leiden. It was at that time when he wrote Philosophical Essays, which was published in 1637. This is composed of four parts: an essay on geometry, another on optics, a third on meteors, and the last, Discourse on Method, describing his philosophical speculations.
This was followed, among other essays, by Metaphysical Meditations (1641; revised 1642) and The Principles of Philosophy, (1644). The last volume was dedicated to Princess Elizabeth Stuart of Bohemia, who lived in the Netherlands and with whom she maintained a great friendship.
He tried to apply to rational philosophy inductive rational procedures of science, and in particular of mathematics. Before setting up his method, philosophy had been dominated by the scholastic method, which was based entirely on comparing and contrasting the opinions of recognized authorities. Rejecting this system, Descartes stated: "In our search for the direct path to truth, we should not be concerned with objects from which we can not achieve a certainty similar to those of the proofs of arithmetic and geometry. "I think, therefore I am." From the principle that the clear consciousness of thought proves its very existence, it maintained the existence of God, God, According to the philosophy of Descartes, created two classes of substances that constitute the whole of reality: one class was the thinking substance, or intelligence, and the other was the substance, or physical substance.
His philosophy, also called cartesianism, led him to elaborate complex and erroneous explanations of various physical phenomena. He approached Copernicus's theory about the Universe, with his idea of a system of spinning planets moving around the Sun, renounced this theory when it was considered heretical by the Catholic Church. Instead he devised a doctrine of the vortices or vortices of ethereal matter, in which space was full of matter, in various states, turning on the Sun.
His most important contribution to mathematics was the systematization of analytic geometry.
It was the first one that tried to classify the curves according to the type of equations that produce them, and also contributed to the elaboration of the theory of the equations.
Descartes was responsible for using the last letters of the alphabet to designate the unknown quantities and the first letters for the known ones. He also invented the method of exponents (as in x2) to indicate the powers of numbers. In addition, he formulated the rule, known as the Cartesian law of signs, to decipher the number of negative and positive roots of any algebraic equation.
In 1649 Descartes was invited to the court of Christina of Sweden in Stockholm to give to the queen classes of philosophy. Everything seemed to be all right if Cristina had not insisted on making him teach philosophy as early as five in the morning in a large, cold room. Descartes was too well educated to complain about this unpleasant circumstance, although he always hated the cold and seldom got up before noon. After three months of these dreadful classes before dawn, he became seriously ill and died on February 11, 1650, of a respiratory disease which was probably pneumonia. Seventeen years later, his body returned to Paris, where he was buried.
French Philosopher, Scientist and Mathematician
He was born on 31 March 1596 in La Haye-en-Touraine (now La Haye-Descartes), (France) into a family of officials.
Son of a counselor of the Parlement of Brittany. His mother died a month after his birth, from which he inherited a fortune that allowed him to live with economic independence.
At the age of eight he entered the Jesuit school of La Flèche in Anjou, where he remained until the age of sixteen.
Next to the typical classic studies Descartes studied mathematics and scholasticism with the purpose of orienting the human reason to understand the Christian doctrine. He was influenced by Catholicism.
At the end of his studies at the school, he enrolled in law at the University of Poitiers, obtaining a degree in 1616. However, he never practiced legal profession; In 1618 entered the service of the prince Mauritius I of Nassau-Orange with the intention to follow the military career.
Descartes served in other armies but his interest always focused on the problems of mathematics and philosophy, to which he dedicated the rest of his life.
He moved to Italy, where he remained from 1623 to 1624 and marched to France, where he would reside between 1624 and 1628. In this period he devoted himself fully to philosophy and to conducting optical experiments.
In 1628, after selling his estates in France, he left for Holland, where he lived in different cities, Amsterdam, Deventer, Utrecht and Leiden. It was at that time when he wrote Philosophical Essays, which was published in 1637. This is composed of four parts: an essay on geometry, another on optics, a third on meteors, and the last, Discourse on Method, describing his philosophical speculations.
This was followed, among other essays, by Metaphysical Meditations (1641; revised 1642) and The Principles of Philosophy, (1644). The last volume was dedicated to Princess Elizabeth Stuart of Bohemia, who lived in the Netherlands and with whom she maintained a great friendship.
He tried to apply to rational philosophy inductive rational procedures of science, and in particular of mathematics. Before setting up his method, philosophy had been dominated by the scholastic method, which was based entirely on comparing and contrasting the opinions of recognized authorities. Rejecting this system, Descartes stated: "In our search for the direct path to truth, we should not be concerned with objects from which we can not achieve a certainty similar to those of the proofs of arithmetic and geometry. "I think, therefore I am." From the principle that the clear consciousness of thought proves its very existence, it maintained the existence of God, God, According to the philosophy of Descartes, created two classes of substances that constitute the whole of reality: one class was the thinking substance, or intelligence, and the other was the substance, or physical substance.
His philosophy, also called cartesianism, led him to elaborate complex and erroneous explanations of various physical phenomena. He approached Copernicus's theory about the Universe, with his idea of a system of spinning planets moving around the Sun, renounced this theory when it was considered heretical by the Catholic Church. Instead he devised a doctrine of the vortices or vortices of ethereal matter, in which space was full of matter, in various states, turning on the Sun.
His most important contribution to mathematics was the systematization of analytic geometry.
It was the first one that tried to classify the curves according to the type of equations that produce them, and also contributed to the elaboration of the theory of the equations.
Descartes was responsible for using the last letters of the alphabet to designate the unknown quantities and the first letters for the known ones. He also invented the method of exponents (as in x2) to indicate the powers of numbers. In addition, he formulated the rule, known as the Cartesian law of signs, to decipher the number of negative and positive roots of any algebraic equation.
In 1649 Descartes was invited to the court of Christina of Sweden in Stockholm to give to the queen classes of philosophy. Everything seemed to be all right if Cristina had not insisted on making him teach philosophy as early as five in the morning in a large, cold room. Descartes was too well educated to complain about this unpleasant circumstance, although he always hated the cold and seldom got up before noon. After three months of these dreadful classes before dawn, he became seriously ill and died on February 11, 1650, of a respiratory disease which was probably pneumonia. Seventeen years later, his body returned to Paris, where he was buried.
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