Respuestas
Respuesta:
Explicación:
The Hundred Years' War was fought intermittently between England and France from 1337 to 1453 CE and the conflict had many consequences, both immediate and long-lasting. Besides the obvious death and destruction that many of the battles visited upon soldiers and civilians alike, the war made England virtually bankrupt and left the victorious French Crown in total control of all of France except Calais. Kings would come and go but for many of them, one significant measure of the success of their reign was their performance in the Hundred Years' War. Divisions were created within the nobilities of both countries which had repercussions for who became the next ruling monarch. Trade was badly affected and peasants were incessantly taxed, which caused several major rebellions, but there were more positive developments such as the creation of more competent and regularised tax offices and the trend towards more professional diplomacy in international relations. The war also produced enduring and iconic national heroes, notably Henry V of England (r. 1413-1422 CE) and Joan of Arc (1412-1431 CE) in France. Finally, such a long conflict against a clearly identifiable enemy resulted in both participants forging a much greater sense of nationhood. Even today, a rivalry still continues between these two neighbouring countries, now, fortunately, largely expressed within the confines of international sporting events.
The consequences and effects of the Hundred Years' War may be summarised as:
The loss of all English-held territory in France except Calais.
A high number of casualties amongst the nobility, particularly in France.
A decline in trade, especially English wool and Gascon wine.
A great wave of taxes to pay for the war which contributed to social unrest in both countries.
Innovations in forms of tax collection.
The development of a stronger Parliament in England.
The almost total bankruptcy of the English treasury at the war's end.
The disagreement over the conduct of the war and its failure fuelled the dynastic conflict in England known as the Wars of the Roses (1455-1487 CE).
The devastation of French towns and villages by mercenary soldiers between battles.
Developments in weapons technology such as cannons.
The consolidation of the French monarch's control over all of France.
A greater use of international diplomacy and specialised diplomats.
A greater feeling of nationalism amongst the populations of both countries.
The creation of national heroes, notably Henry V in England and Joan of Arc in France.
A tangible rivalry between the two nations which still continues today, seen particularly in sports such as football and rugby.
Death & Taxes: The Economics of Failure
Beyond the immediate consequences of England's failures in the war such as the loss of all territory except Calais and France's defeats in the large-scale battles which saw a huge number of nobles killed, there were many more, deeper and subtler effects of this 116-year conflict. There were also consequences which occurred long before the war had even ended as successive monarchs on either side struggled with the problems created by their predecessors. Finally, the conflict had an impact which lasted for decades and centuries after it had long finished.