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Genes are segments of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that contain the code for a specific protein whose function is performed in one or more types of cells in the body. Chromosomes are structures found inside cells that contain a person's genes.
Genes are on chromosomes, which are located in the nucleus of the cell.
A chromosome contains hundreds to thousands of genes.
Each of normal human cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, that is 46 chromosomes.
A trait is a genetically determined characteristic (by genes) and is usually determined by more than one gene.
Some traits are caused by mutated genes, which may have been inherited or be the result of a new mutation.
Proteins are probably the most important material in the body. Proteins are not only the essential building blocks for muscles, connective tissue, skin, and other structures; they are also necessary to produce enzymes. Enzymes are complex proteins that control and carry out almost all chemical reactions and processes in the body. The body produces thousands of different enzymes. Thus, the entire structure and functioning of the body depends on the type and amounts of proteins that it synthesizes. Protein synthesis is controlled by genes, which are contained in chromosomes.
The genotype (or genome) is the unique combination of genes or genetic composition of a person, that is, it is the complete set of instructions with which the organism of that person synthesizes its proteins and, therefore, with which that organism must build and function.
The phenotype consists of the actual structure and function of the organism of a certain person. The phenotype is how the genotype manifests itself in a person; not all genotype instructions can be carried out (or expressed). Whether a gene is expressed or not and how it is expressed are aspects that do not depend exclusively on the genotype, but also on the environment (including diseases and diet), in addition to various other factors, some of which are unknown.
A karyotype is a picture of the complete set of chromosomes in a person's cells.
Genes
Humans have about 20,000 to 23,000 genes.
DNA
Genes are made up of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). DNA contains the code or instructions used to synthesize proteins. Genes vary in size, depending on the size of the proteins they encode. Each DNA molecule is a long double helix, similar to a spiral staircase of millions of steps. Each rung consists of a pair of paired molecules. These molecules are called bases (nucleotides). At each step, the adenine base (A) is paired with the thymine base (T), or the guanine base (G) is paired with the cytosine base (C). Each extremely long DNA molecule is coiled on the inside of one of the chromosomes.
DNA structure
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the genetic material of the cell, found in the chromosomes, which in turn, are contained in the nucleus of the cell and the mitochondria.
Except in some cells (for example, sperm, eggs, and erythrocytes), the nucleus of a normal cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. A chromosome contains many genes. A gene is a segment of DNA that provides the code to synthesize a protein.
The DNA molecule is a long, coiled double helix that resembles a spiral staircase. In a DNA molecule there are two strands, made up of a sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate molecules, all connected by pairs of four molecules called bases, which form the rungs of the ladder. Each base pair (a rung) is paired in a specific way: adenine pairs with thymine; and guanine does it with cytosine; and they are held together by a hydrogen bond. A gene consists of a sequence of bases. Each sequence of three bases either codes for an amino acid (amino acids are the essential building blocks of proteins) or provides other information.
DNA structure
Protein synthesis
Proteins are made up of a long chain of amino acids chained one after another. There are 20 different amino acids available that can be used for protein synthesis; some come from food (essential amino acids), while others are made in the body by enzymes. When a chain of amino acids is put together, it folds over itself creating a complex three-dimensional structure, which determines its function in the body. Since folding is determined by a precise amino acid sequence, each different sequence results in a different protein. Some proteins (such as hemoglobin) contain several folded chains. The instructions
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