Question

4. Use las siguientes palabras para completar el texto. (There has been) (Designed) (Were) X5 (Developed) (Was developed) X2 (Are) X2 (Is) (Was obtained) (Have been developed) (Started) (Fermented)


Composting methods



Many composting methods ______________________ over time. In the Netherlands, _________________ a long history of compost use. Cities __________ already composting refuse and selling it to farmers before the introduction of synthetic fertilizers around 1900. In 1929 the city of The Hague ____________ operating a composting plant using a modified version of the so-called Indore process in which large windrows were used. The Indore composting system _______________ in India by Sir Albert Howard (1873-1947) during the 1920s. The method uses layered mixtures of high C/N feedstocks like plant leaves with low C/N feedstocks like animal manure in an approximately 3:1 ratio. Thick layers of crop residues _________ covered by thin layers of manure, and these _________ covered by very thin layers of topsoil and limestone. The waste _______ put into pits or trenches, or piled on open ground to a height of 1.5-1.8 m, and manually turned at 6-8 week intervals. The total composting time of the Indore method is 4-6 months7, 8. In 1932 the Dutch government supported the establishment of a non-profit organization, which was entrusted with the composting of municipal refuse in Wijster: the VAM (Vuilafvoer Maatschappij) or Refuse Disposal Company. The manual process of the Indore method was adapted, and mechanical processes _________ introduced in some of the composting steps. In the 1930s and 1940s mechanical processes _________further developed, mainly involving initial shredding and mixing of materials to facilitate composting. Giovanni Beccari developed and patented a new composting method in the 1920s in Florence, Italy. The Beccari method starts with anaerobic fermentation, and has a final stage in which decomposition takes place under partially aerobic conditions. Another system _____________ in the early 1930s in Copenhagen. Partial decomposition of the feedstocks ______________ by pre-treatment of refuse in a rotating silo or drum. The materials _________ mixed and grounded before they _________composted using the Indore method. In the 1940s Eric Eweson ___________ a rotary drum composting system in the US. Influenced by Sir Albert Howard, he ____________ a system in which the compost material is anaerobically _______________ in a large rotary drum, for 3-6 days, followed by windrow composting. This system has been very successful, and is still being applied. ​

Answer 1

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