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Las nacionalidades y pueblos indígenas de Ecuador son las colectividades que asumen una identidad étnica con base en su cultura, sus instituciones y una historia que los define como los pueblos autóctonos del país, descendientes de las sociedades prehispánicas. La República del Ecuador reconoce a los pueblos y nacionalidades indígenas al definirse en su Constitución Política como una nación intercultural y plurinacional. De acuerdo con el último censo nacional, realizado en 2010, 1 018 176 personas se autodefinen como indígenas, representando el 7,0 % de la población total
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A number of indigenous groups have lived in Ecuador long before the arrival of the Spanish. Although there has been Spanish influence in Ecuador for more than 400 years, archeological evidence pertaining to the first indigenous settlements dates back at least 11,000 years in the form of stone tools found on the Santa Elena Peninsula in western coastal Ecuador. In the highlands, tools have been found that are more than 9,000 years old and some archeological sites in southern Ecuador are believed to be more than 10,000 years old.
Over the course of several centuries, various cultures and languages evolved in Ecuador and can be categorized as people that lived in the highlands, tribes from western Ecuador, and Amazonian cultures in the eastern part of the country. Several cultures exist to this day, each with their own language and customs. The following are the principal Ecuadorian indigenous groups in modern times:
1. Highland cultures
The Quichua people live in the high Andes and are the most numerous indigenous group in the country. Although they can be divided into sub-groups such as the Otavalans, Caranqui, Pichincha, Tungurahua, Saraguro, and others, all of the highland peoples in Ecuador share rather similar customs and language. Many of them can be recognized by differences in
2- Western Ecuadorian cultures
Awa: The Awa are believed to an ancient tribe of people who presently live in the wet rainforests of northwestern Ecuador and adjacent Colombia. Although the history of this culture is rather obscure, the language of this group is similar to other cultures from the Pacific coast of Ecuador north to Guatemala.
Chachi: The Chachi are also known as the Cayapas and live by the Cayapas River in the Cotacachi Cayapas Ecological Reserve, northwestern Ecuador.
Tsáchila: This indigenous group was referred to as the “Colorados” (the reddish ones) by the Spanish on account of their custom of using natural red dyes to paint their bodies.
3-.Amazonian peoples
Various groups live in the foothills and lowland rainforests of the Ecuadorian Amazon and include such groups as the lowland Quichua, the Cofan, Achuar, Shuar, Siona, and the Huaorani. Each group lives in a distinct area, speaks its own language, and most live off of subsistence agriculture, and hunting and gathering in the rainforest.
The Cofan live in northern Ecuador and are around 2,000 in number. In pre-colonial times, the group used to be more numerous but was almost wiped out after Spanish colonization. This culture has been heavily affected by oil exploration and won a lawsuit in Ecuador against Texaco for contamination of their lands.
The Siona and Secoya peoples live along rivers in northeastern Ecuador and have populations of just a few hundred each. The lowland Quichua live along the Napo River and some of its tributaries and tend to more assimilated into Ecuadorian culture than other groups.
The Huaoranilive in the heart of the Ecuadorian Amazon and avoided contact with the rest of Ecuadorian society until a few decades ago. At least two small Huaorani bands still avoid contact with other people and have killed a few people who trespassed onto their remote lands.
The Shuar and Achuar peoples live in the foothill rainforests of southern Ecuador and are related to indigenous groups in adjacent Peru.
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