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how do we use however nonetheless / nevertheless / yet / still / instead / on the contray?
how do we form affirmative, negative and interrogative sentences?
Respuestas
Respuesta:
Both "nevertheless" and "nonetheless" have the same basic concessive meaning as "however": They all introduce a sentence that gives information which is unexpected or surprising in light of information given in a previous sentence. Unlike "however", which is based on a positive-to-negative ordering of information, "nevertheless" and "nonetheless" require an opposite ordering of information, negative-to-positive.
Notice how reversing the order of the negative and positive sentences in the example below not only requires different sentence connectors but also changes the final focus. The first example stresses that the climate may already be changing, whereas the second sentence stresses "the difficulty of detecting the changes”.
Negative ( - ) Positive ( + )
On a global scale, there is increasing evidence that the Earth's climate is changing due to human influence. The high natural variability of the Mediterranean climate make both the detection of climate change and attribution of its cause very difficult. Nevertheless, observations suggest that climate may already be changing in the region.
Positive ( + ) Negative ( - )
Observations suggest that climate may already be changing in the Mediterranean region. However, on a global scale, there is increasing evidence that climate is changing due to human influence. The high natural variability of the Mediterranean climate make both the detection of climate change and attribution of its cause very difficult.
The sentence that comes before nevertheless needs not necessarily need to be in the negative form. It is sufficient that the first sentence is simply a fact, event or situation that has a negative impact. Notice in the example below how the sentence in the grammatical negative form ("produces no greenhouse gases") is in fact a positive effect, whereas that in the positive form ("highly toxic radioactive wastes") is actually the negative effect of the process. Thus, it is evaluation of the effect, rather than the actual grammatical form, that is important in determining whether "nevertheless" might be used instead of "however".
Negative ( - ) Positive ( + )
Nuclear fission produces highly toxic radioactive wastes. Nevertheless, it produces no greenhouse gases.
Positive ( + ) Negative ( - )
Nuclear fission produces no greenhouse gases. However, it does produce highly toxic radioactive wastes.
In popular magazine and newspaper texts, the same meaning is often conveyed by the more informal "still", yet, "just the same" or "despite this problem".
Informal:
While missing data poses substantial problems for generating an accurate trend over the past 100-plus years, it is noteworthy that global temperature has increased during the past three decades, a period when coverage has hovered near 80 percent. Still, the amount of bias resulting from missing data is unknown.
Formal:
While missing data poses substantial problems for generating an accurate trend over the past 100-plus years, it is noteworthy that global temperature has increased during the past three decades, a period when coverage has hovered near 80 percent. Nevertheless, the amount of bias resulting from missing data is unknown.
Like "however", "nevertheless" and "nonetheless" the sentences could be rewritten using:
concessive subordinators ("although", "even though" "though")
concessive prepositions ("despite", "in spite of").
Concessive sentence connector:
Nuclear wastes can have half-lives of more than 1000 years and thus present a clear danger to future generations. Nevertheless, Finland has decided to build yet another nuclear power plant.
Concessive subordinator:
Although nuclear wastes can have half-lives of more than 1000 years and thus present a clear danger to future generations, Finland has decided to build yet another nuclear power plant.
Concessive preposition:
Despite the clear danger that nuclear wastes present to future generations, Finland has decided to build yet another nuclear power plant.
See also "However" vs. "Nevertheless"