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Alan Turing
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"Turing" redirects here. For other uses, see Turing (disambiguation).
Alan Turing
OBE FRS
Alan Turing Aged 16.jpg
Turing c. 1928 at age 16
Born Alan Mathison Turing
23 June 1912
Maida Vale, London, United Kingdom
Died 7 June 1954 (aged 41)
Wilmslow, Cheshire, United Kingdom
Cause of death Suicide (disputed) by cyanide poisoning
Resting place Ashes scattered in gardens of Woking Crematorium
Nationality English
Education Sherborne School
Alma mater
University of Cambridge (BA, MA)
Princeton University (PhD)
Known for
Cryptanalysis of the Enigma
Turing's proof
Turing machine
Turing test
Unorganised machine
Turing pattern
Turing reduction
The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis
Partner(s) Joan Clarke
(engaged in 1941; did not marry)
Awards Smith's Prize (1936)
Scientific career
Fields
Logic
Mathematics
Cryptanalysis
Computer science
Mathematical and theoretical biology[1]
Institutions
University of Manchester
Government Code and Cypher School
National Physical Laboratory
Thesis Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals (1938)
Doctoral advisor Alonzo Church[2]
Doctoral students Robin Gandy,[2][3] Beatrice Worsley[4]
Influences Max Newman[5]
Signature
Alan Turing signature.svg
Alan Mathison Turing OBE FRS (/ˈtjʊərɪŋ/; 23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954) was an English[6] mathematician, computer scientist, logician, cryptanalyst, philosopher, and theoretical biologist.[7] Turing was highly influential in the development of theoretical computer science, providing a formalisation of the concepts of algorithm and computation with the Turing machine, which can be considered a model of a general-purpose computer.[8][9][10] Turing is widely considered to be the father of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence.[11] Despite these accomplishments, he was not fully recognised in his home country during his lifetime, due to his homosexuality, and because much of his work was covered by the Official Secrets Act.
During the Second World War, Turing worked for the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park, Britain's codebreaking centre that produced Ultra intelligence. For a time he led Hut 8, the section that was responsible for German naval cryptanalysis. Here, he devised a number of techniques for speeding the breaking of German ciphers, including improvements to the pre-war Polish bombe method, an electromechanical machine that could find settings for the Enigma machine.
Turing played a crucial role in cracking intercepted coded messages that enabled the Allies to defeat the Nazis in many crucial engagements, including the Battle of the Atlantic, and in so doing helped win the war.[12][13] Due to the problems of counterfactual history, it is hard to estimate the precise effect Ultra intelligence had on the war,[14] but at the upper end it has been estimated that this work shortened the war in Europe by more than two years and saved over 14 million lives.[12]
After the war Turing worked at the National Physical Laboratory, where he designed the Automatic Computing Engine. The Automatic Computing Engine was one of the first designs for a stored-program computer. In 1948 Turing joined Max Newman's Computing Machine Laboratory, at the Victoria University of Manchester, where he helped develop the Manchester computers and became interested in mathematical biology. He wrote a paper on the chemical basis of morphogenesis[1] and predicted oscillating chemical reactions such as the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction, first observed in the 1960s.
Turing was prosecuted in 1952 for homosexual acts; the Labouchere Amendment of 1885 had mandated that "gross indecency" was a criminal offence in the UK. He accepted chemical castration treatment, with DES, as an alternative to prison. Turing died in 1954, 16 days before his 42nd birthday, from cyanide poisoning. An inquest determined his death as a suicide, but it has been noted that the known evidence is also consistent with accidental poisoning.
In 2009, following an Internet campaign, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown made an official public apology on behalf of the British government for "the appalling way he was treated". Queen Elizabeth II granted Turing a posthumous pardon in 2013. The "Alan Turing law" is now an informal term for a 2017 law in the United Kingdom that retroactively pardoned men cautioned or convicted under historical legislation that outlawed homosexual acts
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