Question

In 1948, the government expanded the existing system of racial segregation, and created the policy known as apartheid, or the separation of the races. Under apartheid, all South Africans were registered by race: Black, White, Colored (people of mixed ancestry), Asian. Supporters of apartheid claimed it would allow each race to develop its own culture. In fact, the policy was designed to preserve white control over South Africa.
Under apartheid, blacks were treated like foreigners in their own land. By the early 1900’s whites had seized rights to 87%of all land, including all of South Africa’s huge mineral wealth. Whites held almost all the decent jobs. Although black workers were needed to work in factories, mines, and other jobs, they were paid less than whites for the same job.
Laws restricted where Black people could live banned marriages between the races. Among the most hated were the Pass Laws enacted in 1952, which required all blacks to carry pass books at all times, wherever they went. Blacks schools received less funding than white schools. Low wages and inferior schooling condemned most blacks to poverty.

Resistance to white rule began almost as soon as white rule itself was established. The African National Congress (ANC) emerged as the main party opposed to apartheid and led the struggle for majority rule. As the government passed ever-harsher laws, the ANC organized larger and larger marches, boycotts, and strikes. In 1960, police gunned down 69 men, women, and children during a peaceful protest in Sharpeville, a black township. The government then outlawed the ANC and cracked down on other groups that opposed apartheid. The Sharpeville massacre was a turning point in the struggle against apartheid, leading some ANC activists to shift from nonviolent protest to armed struggle.
Some leaders, like Nelson Mandela, went underground. As an ANC leader, Mandela had first mobilized young South Africans to peacefully resist apartheid laws. As government oppression grew, Mandela joined ANC militants. Mandela was arrested, tried, and, in 1964, condemned to life in prison for treason. He started at his trial: “I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.” Even in prison, he remained a powerful symbol of the struggle for freedom and resistance against political oppression.
In 1976, as a shocked world looked on, government forces killed almost 600 people in protests that began in the township of Soweto. International pressure against the regime began the grow. In the 1980s, demands for an end to apartheid and for Mandela’s release began to have an effect. Many countries imposed economic sanctions on South Africa, including the United States, which began to impose sanctions in 1986. In 1984, black South Africa bishop Desmond Tutu won Nobel Peace Prize for his nonviolent opposition to apartheid.

Massive, continuing protests across South Africa made the country ungovernable. With foreign pressure also mounting, the South African government decided to change. In 1990, South African president F.W.de Klerk lifted the ban on the ANC and freed Mandela and other political prisoners. In 1993, Mandela and Klerk jointly won the Nobel Prize for their efforts in ending apartheid.
Finally, in 1994, South Africans of every race could vote for the first time. Voters chose Nelson Mandela as president in South Africa´s non-racial election. Mandela worked to heal the country´s wounds. “Let us build together” he declared. He welcomed old foes into his government, including whites who had supported apartheid. Through his powerful example, he helped shift the political climate in South Africa.
Since 1994, South Africa had faced huge challenges. With majority rule, black South Africans expected a better life. Although South was a rich, industrial country, it had limited resources to spend on housing, education and other programs. The income and education gap between blacks and whites remained large. Poverty and unemployment were high among blacks. The AISA epidemic hit South Africa severely.
Although rocked by the 2009 global recession, South Africa recovered and is one of five emerging economic powerhouses, called the BRICS¬-Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. These economies, taken together, are major force in the world today.

Answer 1

En 1948, el gobierno amplió el sistema existente de segregación racial y creó la política conocida como apartheid, o la separación de las razas.

Bajo el apartheid, todos los sudafricanos se registraron por raza: negros, blancos, de color (personas de ascendencia mixta), asiáticos.

Los partidarios del apartheid afirmaron que permitiría a cada raza desarrollar su propia cultura. De hecho, la política fue diseñada para preservar el control blanco sobre Sudáfrica.

Bajo el apartheid, los negros fueron tratados como extranjeros en su propia tierra. A principios de la década de 1900, los blancos se habían apoderado de los derechos sobre el 87% de toda la tierra, incluida toda la enorme riqueza mineral de Sudáfrica. MINI RESUMEN (si quiere la 2da parte dime aca la tengo)